Category: Journal

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jhc2026v10i2s9


Original
Immunohistochemical Evaluation of PD-L1 Expression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: An Analysis of 83 Cases
Alam MM,1 Dey BP,2 *Akhtaruzzaman M,3 Jahan I,4 Nahid MS,5 Rahman MZ6

  1. Dr. Md. Mahabub Alam, Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Medical College Hospital, Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka – 1209, mahabub.robin@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7389-6026
  2. Dr. Bishnu Pada Dey, Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Medical University, Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh; drbishnu@bsmmu.edu.bd. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2379-3923
  3. *Dr. Md. Akhtaruzzaman, Clinical Pathologist, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh; akter22nd@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9906-8909
  4. Dr. Israt Jahan, Pathologist, 300 bed hospital, Narayanganj-1400, Bangladesh; isratliza424@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4386-8526
  5. Dr. Md. Shahrior Nahid, Assistant professor, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Referral Centre (NILMRC), Dhaka-1207. shahrior.nahid@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9858-9753
  6. Professor Dr. Md. Zillur Rahman, Professor, Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Medical University, Shahbagh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh, drzillur@bsmmu.edu.bd. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3222-1118.

*For correspondence
Abstract
Background: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive disease associated with a poorer outcome when compared with other subtypes of breast cancer. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) status in TNBC patients has been associated with prognostic value, high PD-L1 expression has reported to predict worse outcomes. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors has been approved in the treatment of TNBC in recent times. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of PD-L1 in TNBC.
Method:  This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 83 cases of TNBC at the Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Medical University, Dhaka at the period of 2021-2023. Demographic and pathological parameters (histologic type, Nottingham histologic grade, tumor stage etc.) were assessed. Immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 in tumor cells was observed. Collected data were placed in a data sheet. Results were collected and tabulated. Statistical analysis was performed on the tabulated data by chi-square test using SPSS 25.0.
Result:  PD-L1 expression was positive in 19.3% (16/83) of the cases. Among these 2.4% (2/83) cases were strongly positive. No expression was seen in 80.7% (67/83) of cases.
Conclusion: PD-L1 expression was observed in about one-fifth of the study samples. Therefore, immunotherapy with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agent can be considered as treatment option in selected TNBC patients.
[Journal of Histopathology and Cytopathology, 2026 Jul; 10 (2):146-153]
DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.69950/jhc.2026.10.2.9
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jhc2026v10i2s8


Original
Vimentin Expression in Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma NOS of Breast and its Association with Clinicopathological Characteristics
*Tahsin KN,1 Doly NJ,2 Rashid HO,3 Yeamin MA,4 Sultana S,5 Khan RR,6 Jeba R7

  1. Dr. Kazi Nafisa Tahsin, MD (Pathology), Medical Officer, Department of Histopathology, National Institute of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Dhaka, kazinafisa29@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2549-7606
  2. Dr. Nusrat Jahan Doly, MBBS, MD (Pathology), Medical Officer, Department of Histopathology, National Institute of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Dhaka, doctornusratjahan1990@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0440-0056
  3. Dr. Md. Abdullah Yeamin, MBBS, MD (Pathology), Lecturer, Jashore Medical College, Jashore, peyal4794@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9119-720X
  4. Dr. Harum Or Rashid, MBBS, MD (Pathology), Lecturer, Department of Pathology, Sirajganj Medical College, Sirajganj, drharunorrashidjewel@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6229-8041
  5. Dr. Shahana Sultana, MBBS, MD (Pathology), Assistant Professor, Green life Medical College, Dhaka, shahanashova935@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6533-3947
  6. Dr. Rizwana Rahman Khan, MBBS, MD (Pathology), Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, drizwanasbmc@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9207-4063
  7. Dr. Ruksana Jeba, MBBS, MD (Pathology), Professor and Head, Department of Pathology, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, ruksanajeba67@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3025-7309

*For correspondence
Abstract
Background: Despite advances in therapy, breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. The most common invasive subtype, often presents at advanced stages. Rapid progression and therapeutic resistance contribute to such poor outcomes. Vimentin, a cytoskeletal protein linked to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is associated with aggressive tumor behavior, poor prognosis, and drug resistance, making it a potential prognostic and predictive marker for IDC.
Objectives: To evaluate vimentin expression in IDC-NOS of the breast and its association with clinicopathological features.
Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Dhaka Medical College, from September 2022 to August 2024. Sixty histopathologically diagnosed IDC-NOS cases were examined. Immunohistochemistry for vimentin was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues at AI Khan Lab Ltd., Dhaka. Associations with clinicopathological features were analyzed; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Vimentin expression was positive in 43.3% of cases. It was significantly higher in Grade 3 tumors (65.4%, p < 0.001) and in the triple-negative subtype (57.7%, p = 0.003). No significant association was observed with age, tumor size, stage, or lymphovascular invasion.
Conclusion: Vimentin expression showed significant associations with aggressive breast cancer phenotypes, particularly higher grade and TNBC subtype. These findings suggest that vimentin may serve as a useful supplementary prognostic marker to aid in risk stratification and management of breast cancer.
[Journal of Histopathology and Cytopathology, 2026 Jul; 10 (2):136-145]
DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.69950/jhc.2026.10.2.8

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jhc2026v10i2s7


Original
Vimentin Expression in Renal Cell Carcinoma and It’s Association with Histological Grade and Pathological Stage
*Adhikary P,1 Begum S,2 Ferdous JN,3 Saha AK,4 Papry A,5 Emita U6

  1. *Dr. Priyanka Adhikary, MBBS, MD (Pathology), Junior consultant, Department of Pathology, Pirojpur District Hospital, Pirojpur, Bangladesh. priyanka003@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0148-2733.
  2. Dr. Shahnaj Begum, Professor & Head, Department of Pathology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Dr.shahnaj68@gmail.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8210-1327.
  3. Dr. Jesmin Naz Ferdous, MBBS, MD(Pathology), Professor, Department of Pathology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Limaf888@gmail.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5412-3958.
  4. Dr. Anjishu Kumar Saha, MSc (Statistics) Statistician, Khulna University, Khulna Bangladesh. anjishusaha9@gmail.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2122-123X.
  5. Dr. Afsana Papry, MBBS, MD, Lecturer, Department of Pathology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Afsana.papry121.ap@gmail.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6601-3955.
  6. Dr. Umama-Tun-Nesa Emita, MBBS, MD, Pathologist, Khulna Medical College and Hospital, Khulna, Bangladesh. Emita.rmc@gmail.com

*For correspondence
Abstract
Introduction: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer and the incidence of it has been steadily increasing over the past few years. The precise prediction of prognosis is very important for planning an effective therapy and follow-up visits. There are some established prognostic factors, like- histological grade, pathological stage and tumor subtypes, but the tumor behavior is difficult to predict and may show different outcome. Immunohistochemical study of several molecular markers may be helpful in this regard.
Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of vimentin in renal cell carcinoma and to determine it’s association with histological types, grades and pathological  stages.
Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 35 cases of RCC for a period of 2 years in Department of Pathology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka. In all of histopathologically diagnosed cases of renal cell carcinoma immunohistochemical staining was done. The collected data were organized and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test and Spearman’s correlation test were used for statistical analysis. A p value of < 0.05 was considered as significant.
Results: The mean age of the study population was 53.17 ± 11.95 years & large number of patients (57.1%) were belonged to 41-60 years age group with male predominance (74.3%). Most of the patients (91.4%) presented with hematuria followed by 74.3% had flank pain and 51.4% had palpable renal mass. The most common subtype was clear cell carcinoma (68.6%) followed by papillary carcinoma (22.8%), chromophobe (5.7%) and collecting duct carcinoma (2.9%). Stage pT1 (40.0%) was the most frequent diagnosis of RCC followed by stage pT2 (34.3%) & Stage pT3 (25.7%). Grade 2 RCC was the most frequent diagnosis (40.6%) followed by 28.1% grade 3, 18.8% grade 4 and 12.5% grade 1 RCC. Vimentin expression was negative in chromophobe RCC but other subtypes showed variable degree of cytoplasmic expression of vimentin. Vimentin IHC expression was significantly high (≥8) with increase in the pathological T stage & WHO/ISUP grade of RCC (p-value 0.038 and 0.03 respectively).
Conclusion: Immunohistochemical expression of vimentin showed statistically significant association with the pathological T stage (pT) and histological grades (G) of renal cell carcinoma. Routine use of vimentin expression in conjunction with histopathological grading and staging may provide prognostic information to predict disease progression.
[Journal of Histopathology and Cytopathology, 2026 Jul; 10 (2):125-135]
DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.69950/jhc.2026.10.2.7

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